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This article discusses Norway's implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in relation to the field of asylum. In particular, we explore the dilemmas and challenges posed by efforts to realise children's right to express their views and have these views given due weight in decision‐making processes as stipulated in Article 12 of the CRC. The Norwegian authorities have sought to uphold this right through the introduction of 'child conversations' within the asylum process. As we explain, children's participation may be crucial in terms of revealing persecution and thus the need for protection in accordance with the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, the early experience of implementing child conversations suggests limited usefulness—indeed the practice may be questioned in the light of the primary obligation of states parties to the CRC to attend to children's best interests. Drawing upon experience from Sweden, the article offers suggestions for how the pursuit of children's participation within the Norwegian asylum system might be developed to ensure that it genuinely serves their best interests.

AbstractIn many countries, dual residence is increasingly common for children when parents separate. This works well for many children, but opinions differ on whether or not it should be the norm. In analysing interviews with 35 nine‐ to 19‐year‐olds with dual‐residence experience in Norway, undertaken in 2018, we find clear traces of prevailing discourses in society. Claims of equality and fairness and claims of children's rights both emerge, the latter being particularly visible in the participants' recommendations to other children. Children value spending much time with both parents, but may still want more flexibility than their parents realise.

Cadre de la recherche : En Norvège, vivre avec un enfant ayant des problèmes de santé est une réalité pour de nombreux parents et demande une adaptation de toute la famille ; cela peut être d'autant plus problématique pour des parents issus de l'immigration.
Objectifs : Le présent article vise à comprendre comment les familles issues de différents types d'immigration gèrent le suivi de l'enfant ayant des besoins spécifiques.
Méthodologie : Les données sont issues d'une recherche qualitative basée sur vingt-sept entretiens individuels semi-directifs et trois entretiens de groupe avec des parents immigrés ou issus de l'immigration. L'analyse inductive se fonde sur l'analyse de contenu des entretiens.
Résultats : Vivre avec un enfant ayant des besoins spécifiques exige une redéfinition de l'investissement et des rôles de chacun des parents. On note, en effet, des stratégies conjugales et parentales qui prennent forme dans un rapport de genre marqué à la fois par des pratiques de changement et de reproduction. Pour les familles immigrées ayant un enfant aux besoins spécifiques, la question du travail aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes est centrale tant elle montre la nécessité des bricolages, à la fois pour l'adaptation au mode de vie du pays d'accueil et pour sortir de « la famille soignante », où l'enfant est au centre des préoccupations.
Conclusion : Les relations sociales (notamment par le travail ou par le maintien d'un réseau d'amis ou de la famille élargie) ainsi que le soutien apporté par les services médicosociaux restent des ressources précieuses pour faire face aux défis qu'entraînent le handicap ou la maladie chronique de l'enfant.
Contributions: L'étude, réalisée en collaboration avec Lisbeth Gravdal Kvarme, est financée par The Research Council of Norway, dans le cadre du projet « Ethnic differences in labour market participation, health and sickness absence among parents caring for disabled or chronically ill children » ( n o 227022/H20).

The Norwegian policy on UAM is ambivalent. On the one hand, Norway has promoted a high profile on human rights in general, and especially on children's rights. Norway was the first country to establish the Ombudsman for Children in 1981. The UN Convention of the Right of the Child (CRC) was ratified by Norway in 1991 as one of the first countries in the world. The CRC was implemented as one of five human rights conventions into national legislation in 2003. The Immigration Act of 2008 applied child sensitive measures. Increasing flux and flows of migrants have, on the other hand, led to several restrictions in the immigration law and practice, with substantial consequences for UAM. The aim of the article is to explore these ambiguities and changes in regulations, with regard to the gap between restrictions, new policies and practice on the one side, and the human rights standards set forward in the CRC, the Norwegian Constitution and the intentions behind the Immigration Act's child-sensitive approach on the other. An unaccompanied asylum-seeking minor is a person younger than 18 years old who arrives in a country without parents or other legal guardians and applies for protection. [1] In previous years, approximately 10 % of all asylum applicants in Norway were reported to be UAM. More than five times as many applicants arrived in 2015 than in 2014, including more UAM younger than 15 years old. In 2016 the number decreased, due to the EU agreement with Turkey, stricter border controls in many European countries and new and stricter regulations in Norway. About 85 % of the UAM applicants were boys (see Table 1). Over the past ten years, the largest groups of UAM came from Afghanistan, Eritrea and Somalia. In 2015, 10 % of the UAM came from Syria. The challenges for UAM in the phase of asylum and resettlement are numerous. They have to comprehend and adjust to the asylum procedure, including giving sufficient and adequate information in the asylum interview, to live with uncertainty when waiting for the case to be assessed. Their health condition varies, but most UAM have undergone difficulties before and during their journey, in addition to loss and the feeling of being on their own (Jacobsen et al. 2014; Jensen et al. 2014; Seglem 2012). They encounter several barriers (language etc.) when resettling in a new country. Before arrival, most minors have discontinuous education, and they need to finish primary education (Lidén et al. 2013; Pastoor 2015). The article is based on six research projects, each carried out by one of the authors or as collaborating projects (Stang 2012; Lidén 2012; Lidén et al. 2013; Stang/Lidén 2014; Staver/Lidén 2014; Lidén 2017; Eide et al. forthcoming). The text combines legal analysis (human rights conventions, national laws, regulations and court cases), the analysis of the quantative data from immigration authorities to identify particular areas of concern and qualitative research including fieldwork and interviews with minors, staff in reception centers, legal guardians and the Immigration authorities. ; publishedVersion

This research report has been published as part of the EU Horizon 2020 VULNER research project (www.vulner.eu). The VULNER research project is an international research initiative, the objective of which is to reach a more profound understanding of the experiences of vulnerabilities of migrants applying for asylum and other humanitarian protection statuses, and how they could best be addressed. It therefore makes use of a twofold analysis, which confronts the study of existing protection mechanisms towards vulnerable migrants (such as minors and victims of human trafficking), with the one of their own experiences on the ground. This research report presents some of the intermediate research results of the VULNER project, based on the first phase of the project, which consisted of mapping out the vulnerability assessment mechanisms developed by state authorities in Norway, including how they are implemented on the ground through the practices of the public servants in charge. The following research questions are addressed: What do the relevant domestic legislation, case-law, policy documents, and administrative guidelines reveal about how "vulnerabilities" are being assessed and addressed in the countries under study? Do the relevant state and/or aid agencies have a legal duty to assess migrants' vulnerabilities, and if yes, using which procedures, when and how? Following which legal and bureaucratic criteria? How do decision-makers (street-level bureaucrats) understand and perceive the 'vulnerabilities' of the migrants they meet on a daily basis? How do they address these 'vulnerabilities' through their everyday practices? What is their stance on existing legal requirements towards 'vulnerable' migrants? Which loopholes do they identify? To that end, the objective of the legal enquiry was to analyse and reflect upon how 'vulnerability' is being developed as a legal and bureaucratic concept in the Norwegian regulations. Legal sources include national laws and regulations related to immigration and welfare ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research report has been established as part of the EU Horizon 2020 VULNER project, which aims to contribute to a better understanding of the experiences of 'vulnerability' as lived by migrants applying for a protection status (such as the refugee status and other complementary forms of humanitarian protection, including the one awarded to victims of human trafficking), and to critically assess the potentials and pitfalls of using 'vulnerability' as a legal and policy standard to guide the development and implementation of migration policies at EU and global level. The VULNER project starts from the common observation, widely documented in the scientific literature, that the requirement to address the specific needs of 'vulnerable' migrants, including asylum seekers, victims of human trafficking and unaccompanied minors, is flooding the legal and policy discourse on asylum and migration at EU and global level (as illustrated by the UN Global Compact for Migration and its objective to 'reduce vulnerabilities' in migration, or the current focus at EU level on resettlement programmes for vulnerable refugees namely). Yet, if not based on scientific data and analyses that provide a clear and non-stereotyped understanding of the vulnerabilities that are lived and experienced by migrants, such policy objectives risk failing to address vulnerabilities, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities, or even producing new ones. The overall objective of the VULNER project is to produce knowledge that will assist States in identifying suitable strategies to assess the 'vulnerabilities' of migrants and to address them. This research report presents some of the intermediary research results of the VULNER project, based on the first phase of the project which consisted in mapping the vulnerability assessment mechanisms as developed by state authorities in Norway, including how they are concretely implemented on the ground through the practices of the public servants in charge. The objective was to address the ...

International audience ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer les attentes et les conditions liées à la vie familiale et à la vie professionnelle de mères d'enfants ayant des besoins spéciaux ainsi que l'offre éducative proposée à ces derniers. L'étude est basée sur 27 entretiens individuels semi-directifs réalisés auprès de parents immigrés en Norvège. Même si les familles indiquent disposer d'aide éducative, des défis pour bénéficier d'un soutien suffisant demeurent. Ils limitent la possibilité pour les mères de combiner emploi et besoins de soins à l'enfant.

International audience ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer les attentes et les conditions liées à la vie familiale et à la vie professionnelle de mères d'enfants ayant des besoins spéciaux ainsi que l'offre éducative proposée à ces derniers. L'étude est basée sur 27 entretiens individuels semi-directifs réalisés auprès de parents immigrés en Norvège. Même si les familles indiquent disposer d'aide éducative, des défis pour bénéficier d'un soutien suffisant demeurent. Ils limitent la possibilité pour les mères de combiner emploi et besoins de soins à l'enfant.